Archaeologists who discovered a cave used by early humans some 60,000 years ago have made an incredible discovery, giving insight into the complexity of early humans.
They found a pit dug into the ground at Gilbraltar’s seaside Vanguard Cave, which was used by Neanderthals to extract sticky resin from woody plants.
“The results are highly significant in that they reveal complex levels of cognition in Neanderthals, indicating that they understood the plants that they needed to select and the complex industrial process required in order to manufacture tar,” the British Overseas Territory’s Gibraltar National Museum said in a statement .
Previously, bones and tools had been uncovered at the UNESCO World Heritage Site known as the Gorham’s Cave Complex.
The tar would have been used to make spears for hunting Red deer, wild boars, and various other creatures; along with protecting themselves against predators such as lions, wolves, and bears. These early humans might have achieved this by first burying the vegetation then exposing it to heat from flames, thereby isolating it from oxygen which enables the production of resin without causing the plant material to ignite.
The findings were published by a group of dozens of international scientists in this month’s Quaternary Science Reviews .
To reach these conclusions, the group conducted an archaeological experiment, showing that the pit or “hearth” was compatible with the extraction of the tar. They found traces of ash, charcoal, zinc and copper, and what they believe could be tar crystals.
“It seems, from the results obtained, that the tar was extracted from gum rockrose ( Cistus ladanifer ) instead of birch. Birch would have been a rare tree in these Mediterranean latitudes whereas rock roses would have been abundant. It is worth noting that the labdanum obtained from these rock roses has been used in perfumes, as cough mix or even as an antiseptic until the 20 th Century,” the museum said.
Until now, how the Neanderthals produced the tar was unknown.
The museum said that environmental conditions that sealed the material evidence for at least 40,000 years allowed for “instant snapshots” of their activities, as well as the preservation of pollen and spores that confirmed the ecological conditions outside the cave.
It’s worth noting, however, that not everyone is convinced. Two archaeologists not involved with the study recently told Science that there was not enough evidence to prove the Neanderthals had been burning the wood specifically to make tar.
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